Sequence Comparison and Stochastic Model Based on Multi-order Markov Models

This dissertation presents two statistical methodologies developed on multi-order Markov models. First, we introduce an alignment-free sequence comparison method, which represents a sequence using a multi-order transition matrix (MTM). The MTM contains information of multi-order dependencies and provides a comprehensive representation of the heterogeneous composition within a sequence. Based on the MTM, a distance measure is developed for pair-wise comparison of sequences. The new method is compared with the traditional maximum likelihood (ML) method, the complete composition vector (CCV) method and the improved version of the complete composition vector (ICCV) method using simulated sequences. We further illustrate the application of the MTM method using two real data sets, influenza A virus hemagglutinin gene sequence and complete mitochondrial genome sequences. We then present a stochastic model named Multi-Order Markov Model under Hidden States (MMMHS) for representing heterogeneous sequences. MMMHS is similar to the conventional Hidden Markov Model (HMM) and Double Chain Markov Model (DCMM) in terms of using hidden states to describe the non-homogeneity of a sequence, but it provides a more flexible dependency structure by changing the order of Markov dependency under different hidden states. We extend the forward-backward procedure to MMMHS and provide the complete model estimation procedure based on Expectation-Maximization (EM) algorithm. The method is then illustrated with applications on several real data sets, and the results are compared with that of traditional methods. supervisory committee. A special thank you goes out to my family and friends, especially my parents and wife, for their love and support. Figure 2.1 Demonstration of (a) DCMM and (b) HMM. 25 Figure 3.1 The pre-defined relationship used to generate simulated sequences. 36 Figure 3.2. Average scores of a transition probability as a function of the order of the MTM experimented using (a) simulated dataset, (b) influenza A viral hemagglutinin gene sequences, and (c) the compete mitochondrial genome sequences of eutherian and non-eutherian organisms. 37 Figure 3.3 Consensus trees obtained from the 1000 simulated sequences using (a) Maximum likelihood, (b1)-(b3) CCV method with selected strings of size 500, 2500 and 5000, (b4) CCV method, (c1)-(c8) MTM method with K including the selected 1, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 11 orders with highest average score, and (c9) MTM method with